the import duties are before all protectionist and are sometimes
considered as an instrument for retaliation against a country which
uses/practices discrimination.
A country is short of (foreign) currencies to pay for its imports when it
imports more than it exports.
It is said then, that it has negative trade balance.
Tourism, Capital investments and freight are, so to speak, exports since
they give currencies to the country.
Customs duties are taken, above all, from imported goods to protect the
national industry; thus price of foreign products has raised/ increased.
The charter-party is a contract between the ship owner and the charter
company.
Air freight rate is not on the way to decreasing/ Air freight rates are
not likely to decrease.
Two copies at least of the invoice are to be sent to the importer.
Importer has to receive at least two copies of the invoice.
I can see the name of the sender/consignor but I can’t find the
addressee/ that of the consignee/ Recipient.
Certificates of origin may be issued by the chambers of commerce or
consular services of the importing country in the exporting one.
A copy, certified by the importer must be appended/ attached to the
customs declaration.
The exchange bureau announce the exchange rate on the clearance date.
Prices set up In a market/commercial transaction can be: ex-works, that
is, "loco-price" which doesn’t cover any transport expense/
freightage…
… Goods will have to be picked up by the buyer at the factory or the
warehouse.
"Free alongside ship" or "ex-quay" includes the cost,
freightage and handling charge of goods.
